Complete English Irregular Verb List -- Free PDF Download

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Learning Russian with Russians

The collection of best materials for fast and easy learning Russian language.
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An Ultimate Guide to Learning Hungarian (10 Steps to Conversational Confidence)

Hi guys,
About a year ago I wrote an elaborate article about how to learn Hungarian, step by step, from the very beginning. I just refined it based on my tutoring experience and another year of running a website on which I and my non-Hungarian partner help others master the language.
Thought I'd share the article here, and highlight the most important steps:

1. Master the Hungarian Alphabet and Pronunciation

There’s no way to get around knowing the alphabet extraordinarily well when you learn Hungarian. Seriously, don’t even consider learning anything else before you have a firm grasp of the alphabet and the Hungarian pronunciation. Put in this effort at the very beginning and it’ll save you tons of time and sweat later on.
It's a lot easier to learn the right pronunciation than to un-learn the wrong pronunciation. No (written) vocab is of use if people don't understand what you want to say. So nail these accents, digraphs, and the trigraph.🔨😉
We have a guide to the alphabet here.
I also embedded 3 videos here in the article that explain the consonants, vowels, and spelling rules, respectively.

2. Understand Agglutination, the Nature of the Language

By this, I don't mean nail all the suffixes and prefixes but understand what agglutination is and how it works.
We can just as well call agglutination the essence of the language – it’s one of those distinguishing elements that make Hungarian so Hungarian. Agglutination is related to glue and is the process to stick all those prefixes and suffixes to the beginnings and endings of the words, and thereby express time, location, relationships, and everything else grammar is for.
That’s how the insanely long words come about – instead of in our house (3 words in English), Hungarians say házunkban (house-our-in) and use one word only.
Other famous agglutinating languages are Turkish, Korean, and Japanese.
In contrast, English is an analytical language. Instead of gluing directly to the words, it uses helper words (e.g. prepositions) to convey relationships.
German and Spanish, on the other hand, are fusional languages and are characterized by their systems of declensions (changing the form of the words) and verb conjugations.
Here's how agglutination works.

3. Understand the Hungarian Word Order

Again, understand how it works in principle and you'll get why Hungarians deem your sentences wrong or weird even though they're technically correct.
Another factor that distinguishes Hungarian from other, more common languages is its topic-prominent sentence structure. In Hungarian, word order isn’t defined by regular sentence constituents (subject, verb, object) but rather by the speaker’s communicative intentions – what the speaker wants to emphasize.
You’ll often hear Hungarian has a flexible word order, but it’s not true. It just follows other rules than most languages and word order is about the topic in question, not about the grammatical ingredients of the sentence.
I explain this here with a specific example sentence of "I'm going to the doctor" and how switching around the words creates different meanings of the sentence in Hungarian.

4. Learn the Numbers

Numbers are everywhere and the most rational among us will argue you can explain the entire world with them. While I’m not sure about that, dealing with numbers is something you won’t find your way around easily. I’m not gonna lie, it won’t be the most fun activity of your Hungarian-journey but to understand how counting works in Hungarian is overall an easy win.
Important: A no-brainer, but I want to emphasize you should learn every number and its (fast!) pronunciation. Hungarian cashiers hold the world record for their speed of pronouncing 5-digit numbers and it’s really frustrating to not understand what someone says, even though technically you know all words.
Here’s how to learn the Hungarian numbers:
This article explains how to learn the Hungarian numbers in 9 straightforward steps, including their pronunciation, ordinals, and how to talk about time and dates.
The app Foreign Numbers is your best friend when you learn to understand the spoken numbers. It’s basically a listening comprehension trainer for numbers where you can define the range of numbers you want to practice. It’s smart, helpful, and free.

5. Prepare and Start Learning the 500 Most Frequent Hungarian Words

While you don’t need to know all of them before you move on, this is the vocab list you should start with.
Around 300 words make out 65% of all written material in English and with 2,000 words you have 80% of all conversations and texts covered. When it comes to learning Hungarian (or any language, really!) the Pareto Principle, aka Law of the Vital Few applies. The 500 most frequent Hungarian words are the ones you’ll encounter frequently – in written texts, conversations, movies, songs, books, you name it – they’re everywhere. If you focus on these first it’ll help you stay on track and see what is and isn’t essential.
The list of the 500 most frequent Hungarian words comes as a bonus with the PDF-version of the article.

6. Have Your References Ready

After you learned the alphabet and numbers, make sure you have the following Hungarian-learning ingredients close and add them to your shopping cart if necessary:
Additionally, I listed plenty of (mostly) free online resources here worth bookmarking, and here's another, elaborate list of Hungarian resources for various topics (pronunciation, vocab, grammar, teachers & tutors, etc.).

7. Build Your First Script

To get a basic feeling for the language and your first boost of confidence it’s important you have a basic conversational script ready. This means nothing more than to learn to talk a tiny bit about yourself and ask some basic questions.
After initial greetings, first conversations usually turn towards where you live and what you do. Just think about how you would typically introduce yourself in your mother tongue and translate this into Hungarian.
Here’s my personal quick introduction as an example, along with a few questions you can ask your conversational counterpart and possible answers.

8. Immerse, immerse, and immerse more

Useful immersion still is in a combination of listening, reading, and speaking. Research shows when we communicate we spend 45% listening, 30% speaking, 16% reading, and 9% writing.
​
How to immerse through listening
What you need for a useful listening experience is tons of native, natural material that comes with a transcript. A transcript is kind of the key to the kingdom – the way you’ll get through to everything you cannot grasp by pure listening. Native material paired with a transcript is like taking part in real-life conversations with a remote control which helps you to pause, rewind and repeat what’s been said – at a slower speed if necessary.
This cures the usual drawbacks of the disheartening listening practices most Hungarian learners do (like listen to the radio, watch a movie or listen to textbook conversations that don’t help in real life).
Along with a listening course (The Smart Hungarian Audio Course) you can find on our homepage we offer a free video + email course about the exact steps on how to create and work your way through your own listening material – it’s great if you’re not ready to spend money but have a little time on your hands.
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How to immerse through reading
Hungarian is one of those languages in which you cannot ignore the grammar totally, even at the beginning. Due to its agglutinative nature described above every word you learn is subject to frequent change within a sentence. Reading will help you understand how all those suffixes and prefixes work.
What to read, however, now that news pieces and children’s books are out of the way?
Our tip: Read something you’re genuinely interested in.
Material that engages and excites you is crucial for language-learning. If you don’t like what you read you’ll never stick to your reading habit.
Instead of complicated news pieces, read a Hungarian blog you’d also read in your own language. Here’s our comprehensive list. The next time you want to read up on something, try to Google it in Hungarian and see where it takes you.
It’s also essential to always listen to what you read. No new word or grammar rule will be of use if people don’t understand what you say, and vice versa.
Unfortunately, we didn’t come across the perfect Hungarian reading material yet – one which consists of the most important words comes with an audiobook and a translation…
… that’s why we created our own.😉
Our Smart Hungarian Short Stories is a course that teaches Hungarian through the magic of story. You can find a link to it on our webpage and in the article.
In it, 8 short stories of various genres become the course syllabus. The vocabulary and grammar you learn are based on the gripping content you read.

9. Learn Vocabulary - The Right Way

we recommend you start to learn vocabulary (apart from the 500 most frequent words mentioned above which you learn parallelly) only after you started (and based on) your immersion practice. This way, you’ll avoid learning irrelevant vocabulary you’ll never use and learn all vocabulary as applied in real life.
I saw many Hungarian-learners start out by learning various word lists (greetings, animals, or even home appliances) and become frustrated, as they couldn’t apply what they have learned in real-life conversations.
After you tackled a spoken conversation or an exciting story you’ll be left with plenty of new words and expressions. It’s tempting to start hammering them all into your brain, but there’s a more effective and sophisticated way to do this:
Learn vocabulary based on your personal needs and goals
No one else but you can make the decision of which words to actually learn. No app, vocabulary book, or even frequency list can tell you exactly what you need to achieve your Hungarian-learning goals.
While it’s tempting to be hyper-motivated and squeeze as many words into your brain as possible you’re much better off if you focus on what is important for YOU and your learning.
This is easier said than done. Often, we simply don't know which words are essential and which aren’t – as everything can seem both very important and unimportant at the same time.
Here are a few guidelines for which words to learn from an audio conversation or the reading material of your choice, including an example of a word list and how to decide what to learn from it.
​
How to learn vocabulary - about the Spaced Repetition System (SRS)
You’ve probably been told in order to remember something you’ll need to repeat it as often as possible. This rote repetition mindset is what led many of us frenetically to read study material again and again before a test at school or university. While an all-nighter filled with repetition sessions definitely helps to save the day and pass the exam, there seems to be something in the air that made us forget every single thing we’ve learned after handing in the test.
The lesson? Rote repetition is good to pass university exams. However, it’s terrible for language learning, as it’s useless for your long-term memory.
Spaced repetition is the opposite of rote repetition. Instead of drilling something by force, you can consider it a way gentler (and more efficient!) approach to learning. With a spaced repetition system you’ll recall your vocabulary right before you’re most likely to forget it. The repetition occurs at pre-determined intervals that get bigger and bigger as time passes. Answering why exactly spaced repetition works would go beyond the scope of this article and tap into the world of neuroscience, but it’s a method polyglots swear by for decades.
​
Anki as the language-learners’ best tool for using the Spaced Repetition System:
The terms Spaced Repetition System and Anki go hand in hand.
In short: Making vocabulary more memorable by involving your senses and via using spaced repetition is your best bet for learning vocabulary. To apply this method we suggest using Anki, as it offers the most room and opportunities for customization and the maximization of your learning efficiency.
Here are some resources to starting out with Anki.
The Anki Online Manual including some video tutorials about the basics such as:
The Anki subreddit is also a great community of 65k learners.
​
Emotions and your senses as the beating heart of vocab-learning
Vocabulary connected to memories with all your senses involved is a lot more memorable.
That's why most people can easily recall Egészségedre! ("Cheers!" ) but have trouble with simpler words. They associate positive emotions, like the fun of a Budapest-pub crawl or drinking with their Hungarian friends with the word.
Here are three actionable steps you can take instantly to make your flashcards more memorable (scroll down a little!).

10. Practice speaking – it’s time to get real

First, I want to dispel the myth that you have to be or live in Hungary to practice speaking the language, as this is plain BS. Since you read this guide, chances are you have internet access and this is all you need to speak any language you want, anytime, from anywhere.
Online video calls such as Skype enable us to do this. The only questions are where to look for conversation partners, what kind of conversation partner to look for, and how to practice with a conversation partner in the most efficient way.
The right Hungarian conversation partner for you
You have three options: To practice with a tandem language partner, a tutor, or a proper Hungarian teacher. Both of these options have their pros and cons.
Tandem partners are usually free but the exchange relies on its mutuality. This means your language partner wants to practice your mother tongue with you as well. Since your partner doesn’t have all the skills that require teaching a language, designing your progress here is mostly up to you if you want to make the most of your practice. Also, prepare your language tandem mostly won’t be able to answer all your questions regarding specific grammar rules or even vocabulary. This means you’ll probably have to do a lot of extra work after the exchanges.
If you don’t want to spend money and don’t mind giving back by helping with your mother tongue and are a structured person who doesn’t need much hand-holding, a tandem partner is a great solution.
Conversing with a tutor usually has a fee lower than learning with a teacher. Tutors have experience teaching the language and are able to answer most of your questions. They don’t hold a teaching degree, however, so a large part of structuring and topic design will still be up to you and your efforts.
If you're ready to spend a little money, are ready to look some things up for yourself but prefer a little structure and guidance, and don’t want to teach your own language yourself, a language tutor is what you want.
Practicing with a teacher costs money (but has become very affordable!) and the focus will be solely on you and your learning progress. A teacher will most likely have a certain kind of syllabus, will design the lessons according to your level, and will be able to answer all the questions you have regarding the language.
If you want structure, guidance immediate answers and are ready to spend money, a language teacher will work best for you.
Here's how to find teachers, tutors, and language partners (scroll down a little).
​
How to make the most of your lessons
Before every lesson, it’s important you know what you want to get out of it. Maybe you want to perfect talking about yourself or maybe there’s something in the natural conversational audio that you want to dive deeper into. Perhaps you want to learn to talk business, talk about skiing, hiking, or the last book you read. Whatever it is – make it relevant to you. Don’t talk about things you won’t encounter in real life.
Make sure you have all your necessary references open during the conversation: an online dictionary, a relevant word list for your topic, Google Translate or whatever you find helpful.
Your main goal should be to not switch to English; to simply eliminate that option. Your conversations with your language partners should come as close to real-life, full-on Hungarian conversations as humanely possible.
​
What about real-life conversations?
Have them, whenever you can. Following this guide isn’t about shielding yourself from practicing Hungarian IRL. It’s rather a more structured approach to reach your goal. We saw learners solely rely on textbooks and others solely rely on becoming streetsmart and just picking it up on the side via daily conversations with friends and family – none of them worked. That’s the reason I wrote this guide – to provide you with more structure and show you what works instead.
​

It’s time!

Learning Hungarian (or any language) is a rewarding, enriching, and fun adventure and it’s important you perceive it that way. It’s a big project and requires work but so do all good things in life.
​
I'm curious about what you think of this guide and would love to read about your experiences.
​
Happy learning - jó tanulást!💚🇭🇺
submitted by catchbudapest to hungarian [link] [comments]

Intermediate-Resources that I have been using to practice my French during the pandemic. (Poste anglais)

Overview

We occasionally have people on this sub asking for French advice. Sometimes it's a question of moving to Quebec for work; for others, maybe their partner or spouse is French and they would like to know more about French-Canadian culture.
This post is geared towards sharing resources for second-language French learners who, for any reason, don't have access to a teacher. It assumes that one has a basic level of French and has already been exposed to the following grammar structures: le passé composé, l'imparfait, le futur proche.

An aside for Beginners:

For those who are unsure of what these are or might feel that they might need a refresher on the basics, I highly recommend going over them with a teacher who can give you efficient feedback in-person. Italki has been recommended by the language-learning community, but local community classes (YMCA, Alliance Française) might be offered in your region as well.
The idea is that at the very least, you will have had the opportunity to drill good habits and conjugations from the get-go, under supervision and presented in a way that will make sense to you in your native language. You may, of course, continue to work on things outside of class on platforms such as Duolingo or Rosetta Stone to supplement your learning.
Alright, preamble's over. Allons-y!

Reading (And Vocabulary Building)

Reading will be your primary method of encountering new vocabulary. Reading from a variety of sources is therefore highly recommended! Try to find something that is at your level or ever-so-slightly above to stay motivated and to be efficient. (I like to print articles and highlight new words as I go. A rule of thumb is that if you open a page of a book and find more than 10-15 new words on a single page, it may well be too difficult for now!)
Note that every publishing company listed here will have their own Facebook page - to which I recommend you subscribe in order to keep your passive intake of French up every day.
News/Factual: (A2+)
Reading/Livres jeunesse: (A2+)
Chroniques (B2-suggested):
A different, and more colorful sort of language on offer here - often related to domestic issues within Quebec or issues at a Federal Canadian level. One to include in your reading if you are aiming at improving your scores in the TFI or DALF, as they make up components of these tests and include advanced vocabulary. I am trying to self-prescribe some of these from LaPresse and Le Devoir, as well as Le Journal de Montreal.

Listening/Video

As a general advice, bullshit-listening to stuff in the background while you're really not paying attention is always inferior to setting aside regular and focused time to push yourself, pause, replay and make notes. This is especially the case while you are still at an early-intermediate stage of language acquisition.
Podcasts:
  • InnerFrench (A2+) - The gold standard of podcasts oriented towards French learners. Free, effective, and gets harder (better, faster, stronger) as you go from Episode 1 to the most recent ones. A transcription of each podcast is provided on the website (good for dictation practice). The owner, Hugo, has a Youtube Channel!
  • French voices (B1+) - Interviews with native francophones from France who talk comfortably at a natural pace - transcriptions are provided.
  • Ça s'explique (B1+)(and others from Radio-Canada) - FANTASTIC resource to catch you up on your daily news everyday. The host, Alexis de Lancer, invites journalists to give a short exposé about a current issue almost everyday - which leads to a lot of overlap in terms of new vocabulary you are potentially exposed to every day.
TV shows, Youtube Channels
I'm keeping this section limited, seeing as there's a plethora of things out there in the francophonie, but some notable mentions for practicing learners:
  • Y'a que la vérité qui compte! + Imineo - A Youtube channel with short documentaries. Most notable for their recent publishing of the mentioned 2000's TV talk show, where people invite somebody they know to the show to profess to them a truth without them suspecting. (Lots of love confessions, some lost family members refound - it's wicked fun.)
  • L'histoire nous le dira. - A favourite and often recommended on this sub - interesting and short history videos, delivered by a very pleasant-voiced, passionate presenter from Québec. Subtitles are often provided.
  • ARTE - Belgium-based journalism company that has an amazing catalogue of documentaries out on Youtube. Very beloved in /france. One of my favourites.
  • Minuit, le soir (B1+) - And Other offerings on Ici.ToU.tv - May or may not be region-locked (I'm unsure). This is a fantastic show to watch if you want to get acquainted with a few slang-terms straight-away and don't mind a bit of violence and nudity. (It follows the life of three bouncers at a bar in Montreal.) Winner of a good number of prizes and gave my girlfriend and I some deep belly laughs as we went through. Other offerings on ToU might be behind a paywall - but as far as I know, they'll always have a Season of Virginie free as well. (Classic QC soap drama.) A lot of shows here will come with French subtitles.
  • A special mention for this website - Apprendre le français, par TV5Monde which offers graded quizzes based on real-news excerpts sorted by level - (A1-B2).

Writing:

  • /WriteStreak - Ideally when writing, you'll want to have somebody around to correct you and suggest structures to use to help you sound more natural. This subreddit was made with the premise that you will have a space to practice writing everyday (and build up a streak, provided you don't miss a day.). The mods are pretty pro-active about putting out a new prompt every day - and posts are occasionally corrected too by native speakers who offer up their time to help others improve.
  • L'atélier critique - A French website/platform intended to help high-school students learn how to write a good critique of a film. A good place to see some sample texts to base your own texts on, with some good advice and reading materials in the section Boîte à outils.

Speaking:

This is the part that I'm desperately trying to catch up on, given that I spent much of my first year and a half practicing French on my lonesome. If you have friends who are francophone and who (pandemic-willing) are able to invite you to family events where French will be the main language spoken - fantastic! If not, these resources are for you:
  • Form a language exchange online - There are a few websites for this - personally, I went up with https://mylanguageexchange.com/, paid for a gold membership and matched up with two new buddies with whom I chat and text with semi-regularly. With both, we generally try to do 30 minutes of English/Chinese and then 30 minutes of conversation in French. My advice - try to find someone who is as motivated as you are and is willing to meet regularly. That way, you can stay on track and you'll likely get to know each other a lot better for it too.
  • ShareAmi - This one made the headlines recently and is a service that promises to match learners up with retirees around France also signed up for the service. Very charming, as an idea - I personally have never used this.

Some general tips:

  • All learning requires focused, regular time and attention for best results. Being organized with your learning - and above all - making the effort to organize the information that you are exposing yourself to are among the best things that you can do to ensure that you will remember it. For this reason, I highly recommend making flashcards with an App like Anki, which will help you schedule your flashcard practice. (This video is just an overview of the app from a Med-school perspective, so don't worry if it gets a little intense about missing days.) Copying and pasting French and English sample sentences from Linguee and then putting them on opposite sides of a 'Forward/Reverse' card is something that I like to do to learn words in their context.
  • Speaking generally on vocab and language-learning - you are only as good as what you practice in detail. Structure your learning and try working and focusing on one area at a time. While you do this - try to have a concrete goal before you walk into every study session. ('I will watch one video and write a short résumé on it by the end of this hour and a half.) Speaking and writing depend not just on learning key words to put into a passage, but also on polishing up the different ways that you can make links between them to express an opinion. Because of this, I have absolutely zero qualms if one of these days I just make it my mission to read up and watch half a dozen nature documentaries in French - So long as I can synthesize all this information together to write a description of a grassy knoll by the end, I'll at least know that my time was well-spent learning and making links between this specific set of vocabulary.
  • Accept (if you haven't done so already) that for most people, learning a new language is a project to be undertaken in years, and not months or weeks. There has been a worrying trend that has popped up recently of 'Polyglots' who try to sell off 'Get Fluent Quick' packs on Youtube and then make videos of themselves claiming to get to a certain level of fluency after a short span of time. I have choice words for some of the most egregious offenders on that website who are trying to peddle that sort of shit, but for those who are here - I'll just say - no pain, no gain - try not to be distracted by your rate progress - or lack thereof - and keep working. Hugo from InnerFrench gives a little talk about how one might address the feeling of 'plateauing' in this video here.
Et voilà - This has been a little culmination of the resources I have been using since I began learning French two and a half years ago. I am still not very strong at speaking and writing (examples of the latter in my post history), but was able to score a high-intermediate rating of B2-C1 in comprehension for a TFI test in order to gain entrance to a French-language university Science program in Quebec. (I drilled on this website for the two days before.)
Please note that this is not meant to be a comprehensive list of resources, but rather an opening for others in the same boat to share their resources as well - so please don't be shy about leaving a comment if you disagree on anything or have anything else to share!
Bonne année, /Quebec, mes osties de caves!
submitted by badhorowitz to Quebec [link] [comments]

Tagalog 2020 Resources

Edit: Thanks for the suggestions! Keep them coming and I'll be adding stuff to this list for the next couple of days. I love this sort of stuff.
Good-riddance 2020. To celebrate New Years I am going to post a refactored list I borrowed from u/OnlyInEye's awesome 2019 post (which you should read that if you haven't). Originally this was for personal reference. Then I added some stuff, and tried to shorten things to fit all that extra stuff. The material overlaps a bit with the sub's existing resources wiki, but not entirely. I know I repeated a few things, but this is a list I've kept for a bit that grew after a while of lurking here (I just made this new account though). I hope the formatting works on Reddit.
Corrections are very welcome and encouraged. It would be sweet if this were an annual thing. I'm just happy to promote lots great Tagalog resources made by hard-working people. Also this AllLanguageResources site might be useful for more ideas (but most of the good stuff is already included here).

Resources

Books

Audio

Apps (mobile)

Programs (desktop)

Online stuff

Links

Tutors and Native Help

Discord

Facebook Groups

Podcast

Stories

Ilocano

  1. Ilocano Youtube Videos: Tagalog and Ilocano (for Ilocano-learners who are Tagalog and/or English speakers)
  2. Peace Corps Ilocano: free book for learning Ilocano by Peace Corps
  3. Let's Speak Ilokano: helps you understand writing and how sentences form
  4. Ilocano Phrase book: lots of Ilocano phrases and English translations, with a grammar and pronunciation walk-through

Other stuff

Quick Aside: On Language Learning

submitted by adudelearningtagalog to Tagalog [link] [comments]

Immersion isn't quite all you need. Here's why.

First, I want to begin by saying that getting massive amounts of input is incredibly important. It's just that there's more to the story than that. There are five particular things that I'd like to discuss:
  1. On immersion, in the literal sense
  2. On immersion, in Krashen's i+1 sense
  3. On immersion, before achieving a foundation
  4. On immersion, after achieving a foundation
  5. My experience with Russian and Japanese
  6. TL;DR -- based on the above, the big picture behind how I conceptualize language learning

On immersion, in the literal sense

While "immersion" is currently a buzzword, it's not a new idea in linguistics. About 150 years ago a French linguist named Lambert Sauveur wrote a book about language learning in which he completely rejected classroom antics. He felt that language should be learned completely "naturally", like a baby, without any sort of formal instruction or error correction. The topic has been being discussed ever since. Different schools of thought advocate for different balances of immersion:study.
u/TottoriJPN wrote a very readable/TL;DR overview of some "natural" theories about language learning on the LanguageLearning forums. Each post is a paragraph or so overview of a major theory with a few links to further reading and one sentence takeaway. You can read those here:
If you don't feel like reading the posts, what I think is important to point out is that immersion is kind of hit or miss. Some people achieve incredible results with it, whereas other people can literally live for decades in another country but fail to achieve even a basic level of fluency in their target language. They're literally immersed, learning the language would improve their quality of lives and they have every opportunity to go out and practice/learn the language... but, for whatever reason, they don't.
Even conservatively speaking, then, I think it's safe to say that immersion isn't all you need without any conditions. There's obviously more to the story. But what? (if you read through the posts, you can extrapolate that people who learn from immersion had some sort of force constantly pushing them towards refinement/improvement... those who immersed for the sake of immersion without worrying about getting better plateau'd and didn't grow beyond that point -- this is what I talk about in pt4)
Then, here's why I don't think immersion is a silver bullet, especially if you go before already speaking the language.

On immersion, in Krashen's i+1 sense

(Not necessarily following the above) 50 odd years ago a linguist named Stephen Krashen made a very bold statement: Input is the only causative factor driving second language acquisition. In other words, input is the only thing that matters.
He posited five hypotheses:
  1. We learn best when we consume "comprehensible input" -- stuff that is i+1, where i is our current level. In other words, to learn, we should consume content that's above our level but still within reach.
  2. There is a difference between (intentional) learning and (unintentional/organic) acquisition of language. Krashen thinks that improving in a language is 100% a result of unconscious acquisition (ie, not grammar studies).
  3. That's not quite to say that conscious learning is useless: we use consciously gained knowledge to monitor our speech and correct mistakes (ie, i learned the te forms, and I used to monitor my speech to remind myself that I should say のんで not のて)
  4. We aren't blank slates; we're hardwired for grammar and there's a certain predefined order in which we'll pick it up
  5. Negative emotions, such as nervousness or boredom, negatively affect on our progress (thus we should have a "silent period" in which we only consume the language, as to avoid negative emotions that arise from speaking before we're ready)
Now, this seems very convincing. Obviously, if we spend 100 hours in Japanese or read ten books, we have to learn something. Right? There is even data showing that vocabulary size is directly correlated with what and how much we read.
Having said that, quite significant critique of Krashen's work also exists.
Again, I want to point out that none of the critical responses make any attempt to suggest that input is not incredibly important. Here's a few examples of what types of points get brought up:
I want to expand a bit on this second point. Take the final two lines of The Hollow Men, a poem by T.S. Elliot:
> This is how the world ends
> Not with a bang but with a whimper
This would probably look like an excellent "i+1" sentence if you happened to be sentence mining. It's incredibly poignant and profound, but consists of simple grammar and only one difficult word: whimper. Exactly the sort of sentence I'd like to memorize, personally.
The issue is that, even if you perfectly understand every single word and grammar point in this sentence, the meaning might still go over your head. The poem was written in 1925, reflecting on the state of European culture after world war one. It heavily alludes to the book Heart of Darkness and is full of references to Christianity. Google around and you'll find incredibly long analyses of this poem. There's a lot more going on here than meets the eye. Without the right background, you probably won't know that you don't know.
Now, of course you're not always going to be poring over poetry or something like that. All I want to accomplish here is to demonstrate that there are indeed circumstances in which you might not understand something you read, despite knowing every kanji/word/grammar point in the sentence. Sometimes it will be for purely linguistic reasons -- you might see それとなく and think you understand it, because it's got simple words, without realizing that it's a phrase -- or, as in the case of this poem, you might be missing cultural/historical context.
If you're interested in this idea, I'd like to share two things:

On immersion, before achieving a foundation

Anyhow, the real reason I made this post:
I think that all of these people have something valuable to say. I agree with both responses. I think that what is being missed is that learning isn't an either:or thing. You need immersion and study.
In educational theory, there is an idea called the zone of proximal development.
  1. There is some stuff that you can do all by yourself
  2. There is some stuff that you could do with the help of a teacheresource, but not by by yourself
  3. There is some stuff that you could not do even with the help of a teacheresource
To put that into perspective, I'd like to ask you to skim through this video of a guy solving a sudoku puzzle. Let's think about those zones in terms of numbers on the board:
  1. He begins with only two numbers; this is " i "
  2. Those two numbers enable him to solve certain squares; those squares are " i + 1 "
  3. The rest of the squares are "i + (more than one)". Given his current situation, he cannot solve the squares.
  4. Once he solves the squares in step 2, everything changes. The squares that were previously i+2 become i+1.
Basically, depending on where you are in the puzzle, certain squares are and aren't solvable.
IMO learning works in the same way.
Theoretically speaking, I suppose it's possible that we could i+1 our way to proficiency. But this isn't an ideal world, and we have a few issues:
When we're a total beginner, the content that's truly i+1 is very limited. Taking the time to work through Genki or something like that gives you a foundation that basically gives you leeway. The perimeter of a 1x1 square is 4, of a 2x2 square is 8... etc. If we can build an even slightly bigger square, we expand the range of content that could potentially sit at its perimeter, being i+1.
It's not that you have to do this, it's just that spending the time to build a foundation makes it more likely that you'll succeed with a given piece of content. The bigger base you have, the more likely you are to be able to latch onto and learn something. Eventually your square of knowledge gets so big that you can learn from practically anything even without explicit effort.

On immersion, after achieving a foundation

From there, I think a lot of people assume that all we have to do is reach a certain "critical mass" of knowledge and from there we can learn everything we need from immersion. In my experience, however, that's not quite true. The reason why is pretty simple, and it comes down to what we can/do and can't/don't notice.
When you first begin immersing, it's impossible not to notice all the stuff you don't know. You're watching a drama and somebody says some word you don't know, so you say huh? and look it up. Boom! Word learned. You're reading a book and encounter an unfamiliar grammar structure, so you Google it. Boom! Grammar point learned. There's just tons of stuff to pick up.
Eventually you get through all those individual pieces but still find stuff you don't understand: now you start noticing more subtle stuff. You misunderstand a sentence despite seemingly knowing all its constituent parts only to realize that, sometimes, stuff is worth more than the sum of its parts. それとなく, from earlier, is a fixed phrase... you won't understand what it means just because you know the words それ and ない, or even if you know the grammar point ~ともなく.
So, I want to highlight that contrast for a second.
So, having said that, I feel that there is almost always going to be stuff that we won't notice. I've read dozens of novels in Japanese and recently began experimenting with translation. I've translated fun stuff in a club, scholarly articles for friends and recently began doing some corporate stuff at work. Now, about a year ago I began going through JLPT prep books just for fun. I do one test per day day when I first get to work as a 10 minute "warm up".
Recently I worked through an N5/N4 prep book, and to my surprise, I learned about several nuances to beginner grammar points that I hadn't noticed in literally ~20,000 pages of immersion, a couple hundred hours of drama and two years living in Japan. Here's a few:
If I hadn't picked up on these nuances after 20,000 pages, somehow I don't think I'd have picked up on them after 20,000 more. For this reason, even though I can read Japanese very comfortably follow audiobooks/dramas/etc without much effort, I still begin every day with a 10-minute warm up. I quite regularly find little stuff that I hadn't known about.

My experience with Russian and Japanese

My native language is English, but I left the US when I was 19 and studied/worked around the world. That's lead me to engage with several languages in a variety of different ways. Notably:
Now, I want to make a few comments based on that:
  1. While I'm so much more proficient in Japanese than Russian that I would almost say I don't speak Russian... if I were to record a video of me speaking both Japanese and Russian, you'd probably think I was better at Russian.
  2. While I feel very comfortable consuming Japanese content, it feels like a foreign language and it goes through my head. Russian feels like my language and it goes through my heart; I'm much better at picking up on emotions and stuff like that in Russian, and it takes much less energy to watch a Russian show than a Japanese one.
  3. While my Japanese is undeniably more correct than my Russian, my Russian sounds much more natural than my Japanese. Why? Having gone through so many conversations in Russian, I just know what Russian people will say in a variety of situations and how they express emotions. We've got certain "go to" phrases in our native languages; I've got parallel phrases for all of these in Russian, but I don't know what exactly a Japanese person would say in that context.
So... basically, I want to say to say that there's really (at least) two sides to fluency:
I think that we build the first one via input, the second one via output.

That in mind, what the big-picture of language learning looks like to me

This isn't an either:or situation. You need both immersion and study. Here's how that looks to me:
  1. The beginning consists of a lot of explicit study in order to build a foundation. Eventually we reach what I call the nope threshold: a point in which immersion becomes tolerable. In order to avoid being a "perpetual beginner" who knows a lot about Japanese but not much Japanese, we apply the 50% rule. Maybe it's not quite 50:50 at first... but in addition to studying, we also "check in" regularly with Japanese content that we eventually hope to consume. At first they'll seem impossible and we "nope out" -- but eventually, they'll begin seeming doable. At that point, we should begin focusing on doing.
  2. In the intermediate stages, there is a ton of low hanging fruit. Thousands of words and simple grammar points to stumble into. So long as we immerse, we can't help but learn, whether we do any formal study or not. Steve Kaufmann, a very successful polyglot, discusses this in his video on the stages of language learning: at first, immersion will be difficult... but we're just so excited to be doing something in our language that it's motivating. Eventually we get our feet under us and immersion gradually becomes a pure joy: we improve in the language as a byproduct of engaging with the content we find meaningful.
  3. After immersing for awhile, we'll have picked up most of the low-hanging fruit. We wonder why Japanese needs like six different phrases to say "immediately after A, B". As progress starts slowing down, I think it's time to add a bit of intentional study back to our regimen in order to work out nuances and little details that we missed. This comes full circle: we'll be able to engage more deeply with what we consume, and also to consume it with more ease.
  4. Eventually we'll reach a point of linguistic mastery, and at that point the answer does become nearly pure immersion. As I discussed in part two, when I brought up The Hollow Men, this poem went over my head despite being a native English speaker who perfectly understood every single vocabulary word and grammar structure. I missed it because I lacked the historical information about when it was published, the cultural knowledge of what was going on in Europe after WW1, I hadn't read the heart of darkness that the poem draws from nor was I versed enough in the Bible to pick up on all the religious references.
  5. Even if we reach a point in which we're completely bilingual.... that doesn't mean there's no reason to study. As I've began translating stuff, I've found I'm held back by my English just as often as my Japanese/Mandarin. While I can understand the JP/CN, I don't know what a corporate financial report or legal document discussing privacy policies should look like in English, for example. Even now, I spend a lot of time studying the writing of more experienced writers.

TL;DR

It's not an either:or thing. Explicit study and immersion go hand in hand.
Depending on tons of factors (our level, our native language, how many languages we've studied previously, our background in linguistics, our tolerance for ambiguity, our level of patience, our level of motivation, etc...) our ideal balance of input/output/explicit study might shift.
submitted by SuikaCider to LearnJapanese [link] [comments]

Definitive Japanese Resource List

Here's all the resources I've found to learn and become fluent in Japanese. Not all of these resources are free of course, but there's a lot of great things here!
​
1 – Textbooks - Genki 1, Genki 2, and “An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese”. In colleges, Japanese 101 and 102 go through Genki 1...Japanese 201 and 202 go through Genki 2...and Japanese 301 and 302 go through "An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese"
-Genki 1 and 2: (https://www.amazon.com/Integrated-Elementary-Japanese-Vocabulary-Academic/dp/B07QN3QTNH/ref=sr_1_7?dchild=1&keywords=genki+1&qid=1587082541&sr=8-7)
-Intermediate Japanese: (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B077GP2P42/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o01_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1)
​
1a - A Guide to Japanese Grammar - A Japanese Approach to Learning Japanese Grammar(http://www.guidetojapanese.org/grammar_guide.pdf) (http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar) - Greatest textbook I've found at teaching grammar! This textbook is online for free, and in physical form on amazon. I was amazed how well this book goes over grammar!...and just how closely it followed my own notes on the language!
​
2 – Anki (A flashcard app for your phone) (https://apps.ankiweb.net/) - You can create flashcards and review them during breaks (standing in line, bathroom, laying around being lazy). It helps immensely goingover characters, kanji, words, grammar over and over again using flashcards onyour phone! There's a desktop version to create and edit decks...and apps on both iphone and android that you can transfer your decks to. There's also tons of pre-made decks people have made that you can download (Hiragana and Katakana are good ones to start with)
​
3 – italki.com - Have conversations and lessons with a legit Japanese person! I’ve found when I learned other skills (guitar, piano, computerprogramming, etc.) that you really need someone to talk to to ask questions andcorrect you in mistakes you didn’t even know you were doing! Talking with a Japanese person greatly helps to correct your pronunciation and grammar! More so, just being able to practicespeaking and having a conversation with a native speaker is essential!
​
4 – Japanese Cable (forjoytv.com) - 77 Channels (news, dramas, music, cartoons, etc. live from Japan) I typically have Japanese music videos playing in the background as I’m working or doing otherthings. It really helps in hearing the language being spoken, and I’ve foundmyself catching certain words and phrases here and there already! They often have lyrics written on the screen too, so I try to read along as they’resinging. (Channels 63-67 are all music video channels)
​
5 – Reading manga in Japanese (I just got a beginner manga とつばと) - Having regular books like this is definately helpful! I've been told to be careful though, as manga likes to use words and phrases that aren't often spoken in normal conversation.
​
6 – Youtube – Japanese Ammo With Misa (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBSyd8tXJoEJKIXfrwkPdbA) has excellent videos on Japanese,and goes into great detail (and tangents) on how she has personally experienced it spoken. Misa also has a website devoted to teaching Japanese (http://www.japaneseammo.com/), which is also excellent! "Abroad in Japan" (https://www.youtube.com/usecmbroad44) is also a good one (although he doesn't teach Japanese persay)!
​
7 - Kanji List - "Kyōiku kanji" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji) is taught in Japanese Elementary Schools (1,026 kanji) and "jōyō kanji"(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji) is taught in Japanese Secondary Schools (2,136 kanji total - including the Elementary 1,026). I've been told by a friend of mine who moved to Osaka, that after a year there, he's noticed only the first 1,000 kanji are really used...and he rarely sees the other half. There's actually more kanji than this, but these are the only ones that are actually taught in schools...and only half of those are really used commonly.
​
8 - Type with Japanese! - Google Japanese IME (Japanese Typing on PC) (https://www.google.co.jp/ime/). Alt-Shift Enables/Disables Japanese typing mode...Alt-Caps Lock changes from hiragana to katakana...after typing a word, you can click tab to go through all possible kanji it can refer to and select the one you meant. There's also japanese typing apps on phones! (I use the "fleksy" keyboard on Android - After enabling Japanese mode (bottom of the language list named 日本語) Scroll left on the space bar to transform into Japanese Mode...Scroll right on the space bar to transform into English Mode)
​
9 - Japanese Dictionary (https://jisho.org/) - Type in english or japanese words, and figure out the actual translation easily
​
10 - Japanese Kanji Stroke Order (https://www.tanoshiijapanese.com/dictionary/) - Search for a japanese word and the app displays the correct stroke order to draw the kanji
​
11 - Japanese Pitch Accent - Extremely important! Very quick and easy to understand. Learn this early on, so you can memorize words correctly the first time!
-Jisho Chrome Extension - (https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/jisho-ojad/dpaojegkimhndjkkgiaookhckojbmakd?hl=en)
-Online Dictionary - (http://www.gavo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ojad/eng/search/index)
-Japanese Dictionary - (https://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/product/4140113456/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8)
-Lesson for the Basics - (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-bk_4WvY58)
​
12 - Pronunciation (https://forvo.com/search/) - Search for any Japanese word, and there's several audio recordings of native speakers saying the word. Note: Kanji vs Non-Kanji spellings are considered 2 different words...so try both to get more results (For example, たべる and 食べる are considered 2 seperate words on the site)
​
13 - PC Chrome Kanji Reader - rikaikun (https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/rikaikun/jipdnfibhldikgcjhfnomkfpcebammhp?hl=en). If a kanji appears in chrome, if you mouse over it, a tooltip appears telling you what hiragana and english meaning the kanji / word is
​
14 - Kanji Handwritting Detection (https://kanji.sljfaq.org/) - This simple website let's you draw a Kanji you may have seen in a book, and does a fair job of showing you what that kanji means.
​
15 - Japanese Verb Conjugators (http://japaneseverbconjugator.com/) (https://cooljugator.com/ja) (https://conjugator.reverso.net/conjugation-japanese.html) - Type in a verb, and these websites will show a bunch of conjugations of the verb.
​
16 - Pacific League Baseball (https://tv.pacificleague.jp/ptv/pc/) - If you're interested in Japanese Professional Baseball (NPB), this site is very similar to mlb.tv. You can catch any game live (and replays dating back 10+ years)
​
17 - Use Google Chrome Webpage Translator - In Google Chrome...Right Click on a web page and click "Translate to English". It does an ok job translating the page for you. It's not amazing, but it gets the job done if you're trying to put in credit card information to pay for television!
​
18 - Google things! Google translate is quite poor unfortunately...but there's tons of additional resources by just searching "Japanese Colors, Japanese Numbers, etc."
​
Anyways, have fun learning Japanese!
submitted by DragonVengeance to Japaneselanguage [link] [comments]

Some Norwegian resources and other helpful stuff

These resources have been gathered by the helpful users on the Norwegian language learning exchange Discord server (please see further down for more information about Discord). Links to many more resources can be found on that server.
Probably missed a lot, some due to laziness, and some due to limit in max allowed post size. Will edit as necessary.

Courses, grammar lessons, educational books, etc.

Duolingo (from A1 to A2/B1)

duolingo.com is free to use, supported by ads. Optional pay for no ads and for a few more features.
The Norwegian course is one of the more extensive ones available on Duolingo. The volunteer content creators have put a lot of work into it, and the creators are very responsive to fixing potential errors. The audio is computer generated.
You learn words and constructed sentences.
If you use the browser version you will get grammar tips, and can choose if you want to type the complete sentences or use selectable word choices. The phone app might or might not give access to the grammar tips.
A compiled pdf of the grammar tips for version 1 can be found on Google drive. (The Norwegian course is currently at version 4).

Memrise (from A1 to A2/B1)

memrise.com is free to use. Optional pay for more features.
A few courses are company made, while several others are user made. No easy way to correct errors found in the courses. Audio is usually spoken by humans.
You learn words and constructed phrases.

Learn Norwegian on the web (from A1 to A2/B1)

Free to use. Optional books you can buy. Made by the University in Trondheim, NTNU. Audio is spoken by humans.
A complete course starting with greetings and ending with basic communication.

FutureLearn (from A1 to A2/B1)

Free to use. Optional pay for more features. Audio and video spoken by humans. Made by the University of Oslo, UiO. Or by the University in Trondheim, NTNU.
Can be done at any time, but during their scheduled times (usually start of the fall and the spring semester) you will get help from human teachers.

CALST — Computer-Assisted Listening and Speaking Tutor

CALST is free to use. Made by the University in Trondheim, NTNU. Audio is spoken by humans.
Choose your native language, then choose your Norwegian dialect, then continue as guest, or optionally register an account.
Learn how to pronounce the Norwegian sounds and differentiate similar sounding words. Learn the sounds and tones/pitch.
Not all lessons work in all browsers. Chrome is recommended.

YouTube

Clozemaster (at B1/B2)

clozemaster.com is free to use. Optional pay for more features.
Not recommended for beginners.
Content is mostly user made. No easy way to correct errors. Audio is computer generated.
You learn words (multiple choice).

Printed (on dead trees) learning material

Grammar and stuff

Online grammar exercises (based on printed books)

/norsk FAQ and Wiki

Dictionaries

Bokmålsordboka/Nynorskordboka — Norwegian-Norwegian

The authoritative dictionary for spelling Norwegian.
Maintained by University of Bergen (UiB), and Språkrådet (The language council of Norway) that has government mandate to oversee the Norwegian language.

Lexin — Norwegian-Norwegian-English-sort-of

Maintained by OsloMet.

Det norske akademis ordbok — Norwegian-Norwegian

Maintained by Det norske akademi for språk og kultur, a private organisation promoting riksmål, which is NOT allowed officially.

Ordnett — Norwegian-English/English-Norwegian

Maintained by a book publisher.

Online communities

Facebook

Discord

Discord is a web-browsephone/windows/mac/etc-app that allows both text, voice and video chat.
If you are new to Discord its user interface might be a bit confusing in the beginning, since there are many servers/communities and many topics on each server.
If you're new to Discord and you try it, using a web-browser until you get familiar and see if this is something you enjoy or not is recommended.
If you use a phone you will need to swipe left and right, long-press and minimise/expand categories and stuff much more than on a bigger computer screen, which probably adds complexity to the initial confusion of a using an unfamiliar app.

Some Norwegian servers:

Newspapers

Media

Podcasts

Various books

Various material for use by Norwegian schools

Various (children's) series

NRK TV

Children's stuff with subtitles

Brødrene Dahl

Youth stuff

Other stuff without subtitles

Grown up stuff

For those with a VPN (or living in Norway)

For those living in Norway

Visit your local library in person and check out their web pages. It gives you free access to lots of books, magazines, films and stuff.
Most also have additional digital stuff you get free access to, like e-books, films, dictionaries, all kind of magazines and newspapers.
Some even give you free access to some of the paid Norwegian languages courses listed above.
submitted by NokoHeiltAnna to norsk [link] [comments]

I responded to a post earlier about something, and I'm going to now act on it. This is my take on a resource Megapost for the self-learner.

Obligatory thank you for gold and silver, kind users! I'd also like to make mention of this recent post by u/shade0000. If the resources here aren't up to snuff for you, make sure to check this out as it covers resources that will help you get to N1 and beyond.

So you've decided to start studying Japanese!

And you've found yourself here, at this subreddit! However, you find that you're unsure of where to go, you're not entirely sure about what it is you need to do, what you need to look at, who you need to talk to.

Say no more.

This post will be an attempt at giving you, the fresh self-learner of Japanese, just about all of the resources and information that you'll need to thrive and succeed. The only thing that you truly need to get started is patience and perseverance. But without further ado: here's all of the resources (that I can think of) that I used to start learning Japanese, and what got me long past N1.
I will write down my explanations for each of the resources I give, but feel free to skip through them if you don't feel like reading through, and just grab the links. I'm sure that in the comments people will have their own feelings about some of the resources (or have their own), but I owe my own proficiency to this process.

A Note:

This list is intended on taking you from absolute beginner to at the very least upper intermediate. If you're doing everything here, then as small as this list is it's all you need to get yourself to a higher level in Japanese. Your own pace decides how well this list will work for you, and what you do once you've exhausted this list will determine how much farther you climb. I'm just trying to help you get your foot in the door. :)

Japanese Road Map (creds u/odditycat)

This post is made in chronological order for what you should do. This section will cover this in more detail.
The first step is to learn the hiragana and katakana. You need to be able to recall them, but you don't need to be able to read them at any kind of fast speed yet. You'll get plenty of practice with them as you continue your journey.
Next, start learning basic grammar, vocabulary and kanji. Most textbooks and online courses will teach you these together which makes this easy to manage. These are predominantly written, but some will include speaking/listening content. Most will take you to an N4/5 level.
After you complete the course you'll be able to move on to intermediate material. Reading and listening practice is important here and you'll want to continue to expand your vocabulary using one of the 2 routes previously mentioned.

Kana

Real Kana, the only resource that you really need to learn to read all of the Hiragana and Katakana. Usage is simple: head to the Hiragana category and select the first column to the left (A, E, I, O, U). Note that you will be given the readings for each of the hiragana as well. Once you've selected a column, head to "Study", and guess away until you can successfully guess each Kana correct. Then head back to "Hiragana" and select the next column, INCLUDING THE PREVIOUS COLUMN. This helps you to reinforce your Kana knowledge, and by the time you've finished all of the columns, you will have learned Hiragana (which is possible to do in less than a day). Rinse and repeat with Katakana.
Kana.pro is another extremely good Kana learning website, with the exact same idea as the above Real Kana, but with the added benefit of giving you multiple choice when performing the quiz. For the best results, read the "How to use" at the bottom of the page.
For those that want to learn how to write the Kana, I would find a Kana trace paper online and download + print them out.

Kanji

As a beginner Kanji looks like a very daunting task, and by far what will feel as the biggest wall between you and Japanese. And while this is partly true, it's not that difficult of an endeavor. In learning Kanji there are two main approaches, in-context and out of context.
In-context simply means learning the Kanji that you encounter in sentences or what you're reading, at the time of seeing them, within the words that they appear as. The advantage with this method is that you don't have to worry about learning a single Kanji's (potential) multiple readings, as all Kanji readings are learned on a case by case basis, and it gets your foot in faster to the world of Japanese. For example, after seeing the word 先生 enough and googling / throwing it in your dictionary, your brain will make the connection that 先生 is read as せんせい (or in other words, 先 is read as せん and 生 is read as せい). You then may see 生ごみ and come to learn that this 生 is actually read as なま. Through these interactions you create your map of Kanji and come to have a good, almost instinctive sense of how the language is read. It's downside is that your memory of Kanji will always be fuzzy, and you will have many moments of "if I see it I'll remember it", which may be unsettling if you're ever in a position where you need to write Kanji.
Out of context means that you learn each of the Kanji individually, with a focus on remembering a key meaning of that Kanji for the purpose of memorization and recollection. The benefits to an out of context approach is a much stronger memory of the Kanji themselves for the purpose of writing Kanji out. Because of the stronger mental map the out of context approach gives you, it also helps you remember words you've learned easier. It's downside is that it takes more time, and in general has a tendency to cause suffering.
Arguably, however, the best approach is a mix of the two, where you learn the most used Kanji out of context and then move into gaining the readings through an in-context approach. But if you're not particularly concerned with learning how to write Kanji, the in-context approach will work just fine.
With regards to where you could start doing an out of context approach if that appeals to you, try Kanji Damage or WaniKani online. You can also do Heisig's Remembering the Kanji, or something like Kodansha's Kanji Learner Course (KKLC). Each have their pros and cons, fans and critics.

Grammar

Tae Kim's Guide is by far my favourite early grammar resource, as it covers just about everything you need to know as far as grammar goes that will help you get started in understanding Japanese text. Follow the guide with a pen and paper as it will help you reinforce the grammar. It also helps to do a lesson (or two, depending on your pace and what you can stomach) a day, and before starting the new lesson to revisit the previous one. It's also free.
There also exists Imabi, which has by far the most in-depth explanations on grammar written for English audiences on the net for free. It's only downfall is that because it's very in-depth, it may be a bit much information, but it's good to use as a backup for if/when you don't understand certain explanations through Tae Kim's guide.In addition, the highly acclaimed
Genki. With the wide range of information available on the internet, I didn't personally see it as a good option for learning Japanese as the book goes for over $20 CAD; however, upon searching there was an archive online that is graciously hosting the books (Genki 1 and 2) for free online, so I would suggest searching that up. I won't provide the link here because I haven't looked into its legality.
Maggie Sensei is a fun website that I've followed for awhile. The content creator is Japanese, and she's been writing columns for Japanese grammar for years. When you come across something that you can't quite understand, I like to check here to see if she hasn't already come up with an article for it, as her structure is very easy to follow.
One niche one that was nice to have for awhile was the Japanese Verb Conjugator. The usage of it is easy (once you know what the dictionary form of a verb is, see grammar guides). You plug in the verb, and it will show you all of the inflections the verb can have. It's not entirely perfect, but repeatedly plugging in verbs in this site is how I personally learned the conjugations.

Vocabulary

In terms of learning vocabulary, this is the one area where it doesn't matter too much what you look at; that said though obviously there are better tools than others. After going through any of the above grammar guides fully, you should have already attained enough vocabulary to pass even the N5, which is a decent starting foot.
One is just about anything you can find on your respective phone's app store. I've had a lot of success with apps like JA Sensei, Minna no Nihongo, Japanese 5k With Pictures on Android, or things like Learning Japanese is Easy, The Japanese App which is one of the most comprehensive, and Mirai Japanese, my personal favourite starting out on the iPhones. I would generally avoid most applications that offer phrases, as some may run the risk of being either outdated, "textbooky" or incorrect altogether; that said, not all are bad. Double check with a native Japanese speaker if you can, or even make posts on here and ask if they are natural or not. Someone will be more than happy to answer your questions.
Another application that you can use is Anki. Anki is one of the more powerful SRS (spaced repetition system) applications on the web, and it has many wonderful advantages. One of which is that you can share decks online with others, and hubs exist where you can download those decks for your own benefit, but it's most efficient use is your ability to create your own custom decks, to personalize your learning journey. Downloading several of the addons for Anki to help you get to that next step is also highly recommended. In terms of shared decks, one famous example being the Japanese Core 2k/6k and 10k decks online. They offer pictures and audio clips to follow along with, so you really can't go wrong, and with diligence they will put you on the right track to learning Japanese vocabulary.

Learning Pitch Accent（高低アクセント）(+Intonation)

Pitch accent knowledge is fundamental to your Japanese speaking journey, and knowledge of it, especially early on, will aid you far more than you could imagine. Pitch accent in Japanese isn't as harsh as something like Mandarin's tonal system, where messing up the tone of a word completely changes the word or makes it incomprehensible. However, it does make or break your Japanese accent, and ultimately is what makes you sound foreign. Think of pitch accent in Japanese as stress accent in English. The word "joystick" is pronounced with stress on the "Joy" sound, where the rest of the word falls in tone. If, for example, this order was to be reversed, and "stick" is where the stress lied in someone's pronunciation, you as a native speaker would find it odd and unnatural, albeit not entirely incomprehensible.
The same goes for pitch accent. If a goal of yours is to sound like a native, then knowing about pitch accent is crucial. If this isn't of any particular concern to you, then it's not something that you have to learn: after all, you will still be understood. But there definitely is zero harm in knowing.
There are four patterns in Japanese pitch accent: Heibangata, Atamadakagata, Nakadakagata, and Odakagata (平板型、頭高型、中高型、尾高型 respectively). A pitch accent change will always occur in the second mora of a word (mora being the word's rhythmical beat). This fact will contradict anyone that tells you that Japanese is pronounced completely flat, as such is not the case.
For example, let's take the word 平板（へいばん). へいばん has 4 morae (へ・い・ば・ん) . In the Heiban pattern, the first mora will always start low, rise in the second mora, and stays flat. (へ・い・ば・ん、L・H・H・H）.
In Atamadaka, the first mora will always start high, fall in the second mora, and will not rise again. For example, 教師（きょうし). きょ・う・し would be pronounced H・L・L.
In Nakadaka, the first mora starts low, rises in the second mora, and falls somewhere within the word before it ends. For example, あ・な・た (L・H・ L, falls on the third mora), 反面教師(はんめんきょうし）（は・ん・め・ん・きょ・う・し, L・H・H・H・H・L・L, falls on the fifth mora)
Lastly, in Odaka (the most insidious), the pattern closely resembles Heiban; however, the pitch change occurs after the word has concluded (where the particle would follow). I'll use the famous はし example, but the word 端（はし, for the edge or corner of something）is an example of a Heiban word, and particles that connect with this word follow its pitch pattern. If we were to connect が, as in 端が with its Heiban pattern, it would read as (は・し＋が）L・H+(H). Whereas in an Odaka word, like 橋 (はし), the change appears after you've added your particle. 橋が→は・し＋が → L・H+(L)
When an accent falls, it can never rise again within the same word, so you will never find a pattern that looks like L H L H H, or HLHH.
I would highly recommend starting to learn pitch accent from Tokyo Dialect (標準語) first, as it's easily the most accessible.

Dictionaries

Free dictionaries on the phone have only gotten better over time.
My personal favourite and one that I've been using since the beginning is the Aedict dictionary on Android, which has a number of very useful features. One of the cool features on it is that you can save words to a notepad and make a quiz out of them if you so choose, or you can select to quiz yourself on JLPT grade words or common Kanji. It also has sentence examples with more of the common words. The best mobile dictionary by far goes to Apple's Japanese app. The application is vastly different on Android so I don't like it as much, but I've been hard pressed to find a better application. A shoutout to u/jdt79 for suggesting Takoboto, which is another really good Android app for dictionaries.
Online, Jisho reigns supreme. It comes with everything you'll need without the hassle of downloading separate applications, albeit example sentences can be iffy. You also have the option of the EJJE Weblio Dictionary for quick stuff, but I don't like it as much as 英辞郎 on the web, as their example sentences are light years ahead of either (at least from what I've seen).

Reading / Listening Material (+Native Material)

One thing about reading / listening is that at first it will suck. You will suck. But in order to get better you have to endure the period of you sucking so that you eventually flourish. Don't be discouraged; rather, accept it, embrace it and move forward. You'll be glad that you did.
NHK Easy News (News given with easy to understand Japanese with Furigana (readings above the Kanji))
Fukumusume (written mostly in Hiragana with English translations)
Japanese Youtube. There's more than enough content for every type of person. As I have fairly limited tastes when it comes to YouTube videos, I can't make a lot of good suggestions. However, if you're someone that likes Video Game Let's Plays: キヨ is my all time favourite.
Japanese Podcasts. Podcasts like Nihongo Con Teppei and Marimoeo are great for listening to natives, especially considering that they don't speak too fast. You can find other Japanese podcasts on the Apple's Podcast section in their store, or on Google Play Music. Additionally you can find some other ones on YouTube if you search "ポッドキャスト”, and Seesaa.
Manga. Most Japanese manga have Furigana (Kanji readings in Hiragana) for them, coupled with the fact that they also include pictures makes them ideal for learning. You will also encounter a lot of grammar that you may not learn through the resources above, and in those cases, Googling the grammar that you're not sure about online will be your best course of action.

Speaking (Discord)

You probably won't find a more ideal speaking environment than on Discord. You'll find other Japanese learners like yourself who will help you to achieve your goals, as well as finding Japanese natives who are willing to guide you and help you along your way. EJLX (English Japanese Language Exchange), Japanese and English (日本語と英語), Language Practice and Learning, Japanglish Couch Potatoes to name a few. When joining voice calls, please remember and ensure that you respect those that you talk to and treat everyone as you yourself would like to be treated. We're all human beings at the end of the day.

Concluding

This is still a work in progress, but I hope that my explanations of what I've picked and why is thorough enough and comprehensible enough for everyone. If there's anything anyone else feels is missing from this list, please don't hesitate to add it in a comment. Thanks for making it this far, and I hope you have a great day. Kick some Japanese (language) ass!
First Edit: Included road map from u/odditycat, added pitch accent section Second edit: Added additional resources,
submitted by FestusPowerLoL to LearnJapanese [link] [comments]

[Pitch Accent] I've created a spreadsheet detailing pitch accent rules for conjugated verbs. Sharing it here.

TL;DR -- Get the file here. Alternatively, you can also get the file here.
If you have trouble opening the file, maybe give the .ods-version a try.
​
See my earlier post.
See a preview image here.
You can also get a pdf version, although this one is not as handy to use and has less data.
​
Motivation: Pitch accent information is often not supplied in your standard Japanese-English dictionary. Still, some dictionaries and apps do give this information and in any case, you can find most words' pitch accent on OJAD. However, while this makes acquiring pitch accent information on nouns a fairly stressless task, pitch accent remains a big problem for words that conjugate. You can hardly memorise the pitch accent pattern for every possible conjugation for every verb you will every know in Japanese. This is why we need some clarity regarding the actual rules underlying the pitch accent of conjugated verbs (and adjectives, etc.).
(Before anyone says this in the comments, I know that NHK has put out an app and a paper dictionary that give information on this topic. However, as I don't own them and they are not easy to get, I was still motivated to tackle this project.)
​
  1. This is geared towards intermediate learners which already have a basic understanding of pitch accent.
  2. This is more or less still a work in progress, but it has reached a state where it is already usable.
  3. I have used (mostly) OJAD data and analysed it carefully to extract pitch accent rules.
  4. I've uploaded it for free download on top. Let me know if the links don't work
  5. The spreadsheet includes links to other useful resources for studying pitch accent in general
  6. I'd appreciate some feedback!
submitted by G-Radiation to LearnJapanese [link] [comments]

Want to learn Lithuanian? Look here for everything you could want and more.

So, you want to learn Lithuanian? Congratulations on embarking on this challenging journey. I’ve created a list of some resources which will assist you in going from nulis to herojus in no time. Whether you’re willing to throw fat stacks at learning or prefer to find free resources I’ve included a mix of both and some comments about each resource based on my own and others’ experience with the resource. It will take some time and dedication, but I believe in you. Sėkmės! (Good luck!)
Free/Paid Category Name/URL Comments
Free App Discord Lithuanian Language Learning, Cave of Linguists There may be a Lithuanian room in CoL. Also you may want to search for other Lithuanian Discord servers.
Free App Hello Talk Allows you to connect with native speakers. Also has pay to remove ads.
Free App "Learn Lithuanian Free" by MetaLanguage
Free App Ling Google Play Their language app is split up by individual language. Search for “Ling Lithuanian” in your app store of choice.
Free App Lith Dict 4 Droid Lithuanian dictionary to add to Android phones. You can also do this by going to settings > general settings > languages and then adding Lithuanian as a secondary language. Most keyboards will then have both languages available to you.
Free App QuickDic Restored Another dictionary for Andriod.
Free App/Website Memrise To enroll in Lithuanian for Memrise you have to enroll on their website and sync the app.
Free Books Look! Listen! Say it! Communication Training (Level A2 - intended to be accompanied by a CD, but not available through this resource), No Day Without Lithuanian, Part 2 (Level B1/B2), Grammar Training Notebooks (Level B1/B2), Vocabulary Textbook (Level B1/B2), Lexical textbook (Level B2/C1), Grammar Exercises (Level B2/C1) These are PDF versions of resources and books publicly-available through the EU Structural Assistance Program, primary aimed toward B1, B2, and C1 learner.
Free Podcast Lithuanian Out Loud No longer produced, but has a lot of episodes for you to listen through.
Free Podcast Real Lithuanian Podcast Patreon Good once you have some language skills.
Free Program Gramtool Python program to check grammar.
Free Website Cooljugator This website helps you with verb conjugation.
Free Website Debeselis Site for making friends trying to learn.
Free Website Facebook Search for Foreigners or Expats in Lithuania/Vilnius/whatevercity and look for groups. You’ll find others trying to learn.
Free Website Forvo Website for assistance in learning pronunciations.
Free Website IKindaLikeLanguages Level 1, Level 2, Level 3
Free Website Joel Mosher’s Learn Lithuanian web page Has links to books and some other resources for learning.
Free Website Omniglot overview, Book listing This site has links to a lot of resources and such as books, radio, and other websites.
Free Website /languagelearning Lots of good resources and strategies for general language learning as well as Lithuanian specific.
Free Website Youtube: Antanas Cases, Antanas Lessons, Antanas Podcast, LaisvėsTV, LithuanianForYou, Proto Industrija, Žinių Radijas There are many other good options here as well. Search for Lithuanian language.
Free Website Vilnius University, Web Archive Link VU created this website to assist people in learning Lithuanian. Flash player is required, so it may not work easily on modern browsers. Update: It appears this site is no longer in use, but there is an archive version which works. Thanks to Wulfharth_ for finding the Archive version.
Free Website Vytauto Didžiojo University, Accentuator Tool, Morphological Annotator Tools which analyze words and shows you the possible forms and their morphologies.
Paid App/Website Glossika
Paid App/Website Pimsleur
Paid App/Website Transparent Possible to receive for free through Government work or universities.
Paid Book Easy Lithuanian I’ve had three language courses which all used this book.
Paid Book Practical Grammar of Lithuanian Basically a text book for Lithuanian grammar.
Paid Books Interlinear Books Books and short stories in both Lithuanian and English.
Paid Instructor Lithuanian with Dovilė, FB Link
Paid Instructor Talk like Antanas, FB Link, Patreon
Paid School School Listing List from Lithuanian government of language schools in various Lithuanian cities.
Paid University Course Vilnius University Courses offered at Vilnius University – not cheap, but I believe they certify you in that language level.
Paid University Courses University Listing Links may be depreciated as this website isn’t maintained, but has a list of five universities who provide language courses in Lithuania.
Paid Website Flyent Listen to Lithuanian conversations. Has a free trial.
Keep in mind that learning from an app isn't ideal because there's no feedback if you say something wrong or mishear how the app says it. You'll get some experience with hearing the language, but make sure you supplement it with Lithuanian conversations to hear how people actually talk and get feedback on how your pronunciation is. Also be aware that usually apps give you the formalized way of speaking and not how most people actually talk (for example “let’s go/we go” is “(mes) einame,” but typically people would say “einam” in actual conversation).
I don't want to discourage you, but if you don't talk in Lithuanian and hear Lithuanian frequently this will be almost impossible to learn. In order to make it easier the below list has recommendations for learning strategy. Thank you to TLHarker for providing the foundation of this list.
  1. Make flashcards on Quizlet; just Google Translate common sentences and memorize them, but keep in mind that Google Translate is far from perfect and it’s especially bad with less common languages such as Lithuanian.
  2. Write a diary/journal in Lithuanian each day. Practice with introducing yourself first and then move on to things you did that day.
  3. Place sticky notes on objects around the house with the Lithuanian word for them. When you interact with these read the Lithuanian word out loud.
  4. Start watching LRT (Lithuanian Television) and/or listening to Lithuanian radio.
  5. Give it a half hour twice a day to not overwhelm yourself.
  6. Change your phone/tablet/computer language to Lithuanian so that you learn it as you use it.
The grammaword endings are difficult to remember and they take time to learn; invest the time and you’ll get through it. Finally, come back and read posts in here in Lithuanian and try to understand what they’re saying. Contribute when and where you can.
submitted by ravenssettle to lithuania [link] [comments]

Norwegian resources and helpful stuff

These resources have been gathered by the helpful users on the Norwegian language learning exchange Discord server (please see further down for more information about Discord). Links to many more resources can be found on that server.
Probably missed a lot, some due to laziness, and some due to limit in max allowed post size. Will edit as necessary.

Courses, grammar lessons, educational books, etc.

Duolingo (from A1 to A2/B1)

duolingo.com is free to use, supported by ads. Optional pay for no ads and for a few more features.
The Norwegian course is one of the more extensive ones available on Duolingo. The volunteer content creators have put a lot of work into it, and the creators are very responsive to fixing potential errors. The audio is computer generated.
You learn words and constructed sentences.
If you use the browser version you will get grammar tips, and can choose if you want to type the complete sentences or use selectable word choices. The phone app might or might not give access to the grammar tips.
A compiled pdf of the grammar tips for version 1 can be found on Google drive. (The Norwegian course is currently at version 4).

Memrise (from A1 to A2/B1)

memrise.com is free to use. Optional pay for more features.
A few courses are company made, while several others are user made. No easy way to correct errors found in the courses. Audio is usually spoken by humans.
You learn words and constructed phrases.

Learn Norwegian on the web (from A1 to A2/B1)

Free to use. Optional books you can buy. Made by the University in Trondheim, NTNU. Audio is spoken by humans.
A complete course starting with greetings and ending with basic communication.

FutureLearn (from A1 to A2/B1)

Free to use. Optional pay for more features. Audio and video spoken by humans. Made by the University of Oslo, UiO. Or by the University in Trondheim, NTNU.
Can be done at any time, but during their scheduled times (usually start of the fall and the spring semester) you will get help from human teachers.

CALST — Computer-Assisted Listening and Speaking Tutor

CALST is free to use. Made by the University in Trondheim, NTNU. Audio is spoken by humans.
Choose your native language, then choose your Norwegian dialect, then continue as guest, or optionally register an account.
Learn how to pronounce the Norwegian sounds and differentiate similar sounding words. Learn the sounds and tones/pitch.
Not all lessons work in all browsers. Chrome is recommended.

YouTube

Clozemaster (at B1/B2)

clozemaster.com is free to use. Optional pay for more features.
Not recommended for beginners.
Content is mostly user made. No easy way to correct errors. Audio is computer generated.
You learn words (multiple choice).

Printed (on dead trees) learning material

Grammar and stuff

Online grammar exercises (based on printed books)

/norsk FAQ and Wiki

Dictionaries

Bokmålsordboka/Nynorskordboka — Norwegian-Norwegian

The authoritative dictionary for spelling Norwegian.
Maintained by University of Bergen (UiB), and Språkrådet (The language council of Norway) that has government mandate to oversee the Norwegian language.

Lexin — Norwegian-Norwegian-English-sort-of

Maintained by OsloMet.

Det norske akademis ordbok — Norwegian-Norwegian

Maintained by Det norske akademi for språk og kultur, a private organisation promoting riksmål, which is NOT allowed officially.

Ordnett — Norwegian-English/English-Norwegian

Maintained by a book publisher.

Online communities

Facebook

Discord

Discord is a web-browsephone/windows/mac/etc-app that allows both text, voice and video chat.
If you are new to Discord its user interface might be a bit confusing in the beginning, since there are many servers/communities and many topics on each server.
If you're new to Discord and you try it, using a web-browser until you get familiar and see if this is something you enjoy or not is recommended.
If you use a phone you will need to swipe left and right, long-press and minimise/expand categories and stuff much more than on a bigger computer screen, which probably adds complexity to the initial confusion of a using an unfamiliar app.

Some Norwegian servers:

Newspapers

Media

Podcasts

Various books

Various material for use by Norwegian schools

Various (children's) series

NRK TV

Children's stuff with subtitles

Brødrene Dahl

Youth stuff

Other stuff without subtitles

Grown up stuff

For those with a VPN (or living in Norway)

For those living in Norway

Visit your local library in person and check out their web pages. It gives you free access to lots of books, magazines, films and stuff.
Most also have additional digital stuff you get free access to, like e-books, films, dictionaries, all kind of magazines and newspapers.
Some even give you free access to some of the paid Norwegian languages courses listed above.
submitted by NokoHeiltAnna to nelle [link] [comments]

Learn Spanish for Beginners: 6 books in 1: The Complete Course Kindle Edition - Free @ Amazon

The following description is not provided by this sub or any of it's contributors.
Amazon
Hola como estas ¿Quieres aprender o mejorar tu español?
If you want to learn how to speak Spanish with complete confidence without having to relocate to a Spanish-speaking country for months or even years, then this audio book is for you.
Perhaps you've already purchased another learning-Spanish program or two. Or maybe you've purchased several and still feel you're unable to speak Spanish with complete confidence. Or maybe you're an absolute beginner. In any case, you may be thinking that you'll have to spend hundreds or even thousands of dollars on learning Spanish programs and/or private Spanish classes to take your Spanish to the next level.
Fortunately, there's no need to spend a ton of money and move at a snail's pace in order to learn to speak Spanish with complete confidence.
Learn Spanish for Beginners will empower you to step on the gas and peel rubber, taking you from beginner level - or even absolute beginner level - all the way to a level where you speak conversational Spanish - and with complete confidence.
Take a peek at what I have in store for you:
Over 20 hours of audio Spanish lessons
System that will allow you to master conjugating Spanish verbs
PDF transcripts to all lessons GRATIS
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To learn how to speak Spanish with complete confidence, this is what you need to do now.
Product details
File Size : 4129 KB
Print Length : 650 pages
Word Wise : Not Enabled
Language: : English
Text-to-Speech : Not enabled
Page Numbers Source ISBN : B085RPXBD5
X-Ray : Not Enabled
Enhanced Typesetting : Enabled
ASIN : B085WS6VJZ
This deal can be found on hotukdeals via this link: https://ift.tt/2DuNfLE
submitted by SuperHotUKDeals to SuperHotUKDeals [link] [comments]

[SHARE] Fulfilled Request Megathread 4 FREE DOWNLOAD

Download any of these for free at https://oppfiles.com/585933
DM me if you have any requests for anything not on the list.
Please subscribe the sub to find all the eBook releases. Enjoy!
[BOOK] 'The macabresque : human violation and hate in genocide, mass atrocity and enemy-making' Edward Weisband, Oxford University Press 2018(self) 1 [BOOK] Scotland After the Ice Age Environment, Archaeology and History 8000 BC - AD 1000(self) 1 [Book] Ethics of Captivity edited by Lori Gruen(self) 1 [Book] Aspects of American History By Simon Henderson(self) 1 [Book] The Soviet Colossus History and Aftermath By Michael G. Kort(self) 1 [BOOK] Challenges to Political Decision-making Dealing with Information Overload, Ignorance and Contested Knowledge(self) 5 [Article] The EU Competition Law Fining System: A Reassessment, Damien Geradin(self) 1 [Book] Russia and the USSR, 1855–1991 Autocracy and Dictatorship ByStephen J. Lee(self) 1 [Book] Søren Kierkegaard: Epistemology and psychology : Kierkegaard and the recoil from freedom - Daniel W. Conway, K. E. Gover(self) 4 [ARTICLE] 'A History of Reason in the Age of Insanity: The Deconstruction of Foucault in Hegel’s Phenomenology' The Owl of Minerva, Volume 25, Issue 1, Fall 1993, Andrew Cutrofello Pages 15-21(self) 1 [BOOK] Mere Civility by Teresa M. Bejan(self) 2 [book] The Philosophy Shop by Peter Worley(self) 1 [BOOK] Sentenciando Trafico - Marcelo Semer(self) 1 [Article] GENETIC INSTABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH BREAK-INDUCED REPLICATION(self) 1 [Article] Properties of elastic bodies in contact - J. Dundurs 1975(self) 2 [Article] Transition alumina phases induced by heat treatment of boehmite: An X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy study(self) 1 [Book] Russian Companion by James Cooper(self) 1 [Book] Model Stock Purchase Agreement with Commentary, by American Bar Association(self) 1 [Book] A History of Modern France By Jeremy D. 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Postal(self) 4 [Book] The Global Economy A Concise History Edited By Franco Amatori, Andrea Colli(self) 7 [Article] "Sorting out the ethics of propaganda", Stanley Cunningham(self) 1 [Book] Diet, Life-Style, and Mortality in China: A Study of the Characteristics of 65 Chinese Counties(self) 2 [Article] “Some Degenerate Entrepreneur Fleeing From a Medicine Show”: Judge Holden in The Age of P.T. Barnum(self) 4 [Article] Christoph Witzel and Matteo Toscani, "How to make a #theDress," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 37, A202-A211 (2020)(self) 4 [Article] [Heinonline] The Emergence and Fallacy of 'China's Debt-Trap Diplomacy' Narrative(self) 5 [Article] [Heinonline] US-Philippines Defense Cooperation during the Duterte Administration: Adjustments and Limitations(self) 8 [Supplement] Polariton Z Topological Insulator, A. V. Nalitov, D. D. Solnyshkov, and G. Malpuech(self) 4 [BOOK] HILL, Christopher. Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution - Revisited.(self) 11 [Article] Post-National Citizenship in Europe: The EU as a Welfare Rights Generator, by Marlene Wind.(self)NSFW 4 [Chapter] The Russian and Chinese Revolutions Compared S. A. Smith from The Oxford Handbook of Modern Russian History(self) 2 [Book] Beyond the Annual Budget: Global Experience with Medium Term Expenditure Frameworks(self) 1 [Book] How Art Can Be Thought: A Handbook for Change - Allan deSouza(self) 1 [Article] Surgical treatment of neuromuscular scoliosis: current techniques(self) 5 [Chapter] Desire, Mimetic Theory, and Original Sin(self) 1 [Book] Dayen, David 2020 Monopolized Life: in the Age of Corporate Power. 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learn english conjugation pdf video

Learning English verb conjugation is very important for proper speaking, writing and also for your confidence level. Read this helpful guide to learn more about proper grammar and verb conjugation. Click Here for Step-by-Step Rules, Stories and Exercises to Practice All English Tenses If you want a different game to learn English verb conjugation, you can try our many bab.la Quizzes. With the bab.la English Quizzes you can practice English verb conjugation in a fun and playful way. The best thing about the bab.la Quizzes is that you can create your own English verb conjugation quiz. Discover now the adventurous world of englisch-hilfen.de – LEARNING ENGLISH ONLINE englisch-hilfen.de – LEARNING ENGLISH ONLINE . Simple Past Perfect . already . just . never • mostly when two actions in a story are related to each other: the action which had already happened is put into . Past Perfect, the other action into . Simple Past • the past of the . Present Perfect Title: French Verb Conjugation Chart Author: LoveToKnow Subject: French Verb Conjugation Chart Created Date: 8/23/2012 8:28:54 AM An English Irregular Verb List — Free PDF Download Improve your English by learning and memorizing the common irregular verbs in English below. If you have any questions about studying English, please contact us. Still under construction ! French verbs and conjugation pdf How to conjugate verbs in french (faire plusieurs) French verb conjugation rules French verb endings French verb conjugation chart How to conjugate re verbs in french How to conjugate er verbs in french er verbs in french 1600 ir verbs in french 1600 French er verbs list How […] ENGLISH GRAMMAR, TENSES Page 9 of 38 Present Perfect Tense I have sung The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. Learn Verb Tenses in English – Past, Present and Future Verbs. So, you want to learn English verb tenses? If you are looking for a simple and quick way to learn English verb tenses, check our list here:. Here is a chart showing all the verb tenses.There are three times – present, past and future and four aspects – simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous. Online conjugation: the best way to learn how to conjugate an English verb. Write the infinitive and the English conjugator will display forms in past tense, participle, present perfect, present continuous, past perfect, gerund. Consult conjugation models like have, be, go, take and see their translation and definition. English Grammar, learn English verbs, learn english verb forms, verb list, forms of verbs.pdf - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. English Verbs List English Vocabulary English Grammar Teaching English Learn English English Language Conjugation Chart Beautiful Words In English English Collocations

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learn english conjugation pdf

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